ExperimentaltaskswithintheenvironmentofanICUsimulatedsite Bc. Ondřej Čadek, Ing. Richard Grünes, Ph.D., Ing. Petr Kudrna, Ing.
spring changes its qualities over time, and so these instruments are less accurate on a long-term basis. This type of apparatus is depicted in Figur
ČSN EN 62353 Electrical medical devices Repetitive tests and post-repair tests of the electrical medical devices. The standard defines the essenti
• Accessories for measuring the applied part’s current ILLKO RM 2050 • Simulator FLUKE medSim 300B Measurementprocedure1) Carry out a detailed
To measure the apparatus’ insulation resistance, proceed in accordance with the user manual of REVEX 2051. Detailed measurement procedure can be fou
connection according to the user manual for medSim 300B. Turn the monitor on and set up the ECG measurement on at least two leads (e.g. II and V1),
9. The influence of user-adjustable parameters on the action of the patient simulator system METI ECS The interactive, whole-body patient simulat
parameters change in one system, then all other parameters in a mutual bond change adequately, see the mutual interconnection in Fig. 9.2.
• Oropharyngeal oedema - the oedema size can be set up to various levels (medium severe to severe) and orotracheal intubation can thus be prevented
• Right atrial pressure • Pressure in the pulmonary artery • Cardiac output by means of thermodilution The system dynamically models the arteria
Basicparametersofthemodel Some initial patient configurations and scenarios have already been pre-programmed to the ECS: Man, 33 years old,
CVP Central venous pressure mmHg Left Vol. The volume of the left lung ml Right Vol. The volume of the right lung ml Spont. VT Spontaneous ti
The efforts to replace mercury but to keep a similar design lead to the introduction of so called pseudo-mercury tonometers. These are electronic to
4) Simulate disconnecting the cable by taking one of the Einthoven leads off of the mannequin simulator and observe the influence on the ECG signal
PACO2 = PAO2 = PaCO2 = PaO2 = pH = PvCO2 = PvO2 = ad 5b) Record the basic physiological parameters of the ECS simulator after an
• Intubation set • Ambu vac • Lung ventilator Veolar (Hamilton Medical, USA) ConclusionSummarize your findings and comment on the individual me
circulation within the artery above which the pressure sleeve (cuff) is placed. By gradual reduction of pressure in the sleeve (cuff), the circulati
becomes fully transitory again, and the Korotkov murmurs fade away. At this moment, we read the current pressure value, and it is the diastolic pres
pulse measurement will be verified in three particular simulated situations via the NIBP simulator. Measurementtasks1) Carry out measurement of
For points 1), 2), and 3), the measurement procedure is the same. In mercury tonometer, do not forget to open the transport valve prior to the act
manual tonometers, and for digital tonometers, calculate percentual deviations of the measured values. For each group of tonometers (manual, digital
2. Principles and applications of electrocardiographs To understand the principle of functioning of the actual electrocardiograph, it is necessary t
Heartfunctions‐physiologyA healthy heart works as a pump, which makes the blood circulate in the body. Blood is brought from the organs by veins
precaution against the blood’s reflux from the ventricles to the atriums, but also as electrical insulation. In a healthy heart, the transmission of
Experimental tasks within the environment of an ICUsimulatedsiteBc. Ondřej Čadek, Ing. Richard Grünes, Ph.D., Ing. Petr K
The action potential is accompanied by changes of tension on the membrane; see Fig. 2.4. These are caused by the flow of ions inside and outside o
We distinguish between two essential types of action potentials: 1) Action potential with fast depolarization This is typical namely for the
Fig. 2.5: Processes of action potentials in the individual parts of the heart [2.6]. Spreadingoftheactionpotential Action potential is spre
Fig. 2.6: Absolute and relative refractory periods [2.6]. Variabilityofanatomicalandphysiologicalparameters Each individual has certain ch
Tab. 2.1: Typical values for sportsmen and non-sportsmen [2.2]. Non-sportsmen Sportsman at rest up at rest up Heart weight (g) 300 500 Blood v
The 12-lead system consists of: • Bipolar limb leads according to Einthoven (leads I, II, III) • Unipolar augmented leads - Goldberg’s leads (aVL,
Fig. 2.9: Unipolar leads’ geometry according to Goldberg. Wilson’s chest leads The limb leads mentioned so far represent the heart’s electrica
Otherpossiblemodificationsoftheleads Besides the already described 12 conventional leads, some other leads may be used in certain situations
example, diodes connected in anti-parallel, Zener diodes connected in anti-series, or eventually voltage limiters consisting of two silicon transist
Filters Filtration is an inseparable part of signal processing. A filter is generally a circuit designed in such a way as to transmit signals of a
Reviewed by: Ing. Jakub Ráfl Česká technika - publishing house of the Czech Technical University in Prague (ČVUT)
barrier is specified by the size of the isolation voltage uiso, the isolation capacity C, and the isolation resistance R. From the point of view of
continuously. Fig. 2.13 shows a schematic diagram of the circuit, which is used to discover badly connected electrodes on the patient’s body. Fig
• Set the simulator to a normal sinus rhythm with a physiological frequency Measure the ECG signal’s amplitude, calculate the amplitude’s size prio
[2.2] Despopoulos, A., Silbernagl, S. Atlas fyziologie člověka, 6. vyd. Praha, Grada Publishing s. r. o., 2004. 448 s. ISBN 80-247-0630-X. (in Czech
3. Principles and applications of defibrillators Theoreticalintroduction Defibrillation is used to eliminate fibrillations (cardiac arrhythmias,
only, and to biphasic pulse (Fig. 3.2), when the direct current is lead past the heart muscle in one direction during the first stage of the pulse,
The trapezoidal pulse is also marked as MTE or BTE (Monophasic/Biphasic Truncated Exponential pulse), Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2. Damped shape of the
Fig. 3.5: Equivalent electrical diagram of a final stage of a monophasic defibrillator with damp-shaped defibrillation pulse with delay. Position 1
ECG signal with additional ECG electrodes. Also the time interval of the R-R waves in the ECG signal is evaluated. In the fix-rate mode (bradycardia
R-R interval of spontaneous activity (TCL - Tachycardia Cycle Length), typically at 85 % of TCL. The distance of the subsequent stimulation impulses
Acknowledgements: This publication was supported by the European social fund within the framework of realizing the project „Modernisation of teachi
Measurementtasks Prior to the actual measurement, get familiar with the manipulation with and the components of the available defibrillators (suc
Ad task 1) Switch on the analyzer using the switch on the back side, see Fig. 3.7. Set up the analyzer to the required range according to the ener
Fig. 3.8: Defibrillator analyzer - overall view with legend [3.6]. Read and record the applied discharge’s energy on the analyzer’s display - “E
discharge buttons into the analyzer. Read the time for charging the defibrillator on the analyzer’s display “Chg Time: xxx.x sec”. Compare the value
Ad task 5) Safety-technical check: on the basis of the operation manual [3.8, 3.9] for the defibrillator and the electro-revisional apparatus Medi
the operation (user) manual. Determine the type of the applied part the apparatus works with, the (electrical) insulation class and the MD classific
4. Principles and applications of pulse oxymeters Theoreticalintroduction Pulse oxymetry is a non-invasive optical method used for long-term mon
There are more factors influencing the decrease of the radiation (light) intensity in a tissue. The thickness of the tissue the radiation (light)
bound to hemoglobin, we identify it as oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) or deoxyhemoglobin (deoxy-Hb). The volume of oxygen transported in blood is thus direc
consists of the direct component DC (absorption of light via a tissue with fixed amount of venous and arterial blood), and of the alternating compon
Table of contents Introduction ...
With (4.3) it is possible to calculate a theoretical conversion curve between the R ratio and oxygen saturation in arterial blood SaO2 (Fig. 4.4),
Fig. 4.5: Schematic diagram of the edutool - a model of an analogous part of a pulse oxymeter with marked check points.
MeasurementprocedureAd task 1) ATTENTION: Supply the SpO2 simulator form a 12V source with the positive pole on the cover and the negative pole o
meaning: K1 - oscillator’s clock pulses, K2, K3 - managing impulses of the R/IR diodes, K4 - output signal of the input amplifier, K5, K6 - managin
suitable gain/amplification to display the curve within the full possible dynamic range. Connect the edutool to the oscilloscope by means of a coaxi
Check‐upquestionsregardingthegivenissue1) Why is pulse oxymetry called “pulse”? 2) What is the principle for sensing the plethysmographic cu
5. Principles and application of infusion pumps and linear infusion pumps Infusion technology plays an important role in correct treatment of pat
the entire pump for new utilization, but the entire set is again replaced. In case of using the above mentioned pumps, the medium flows directly thr
systems are used in infusion pumps, as they are not so selective regarding the tubing materials used, and moreover, it is possible to use various si
Concerning infusion dispensing, only the version using two stoppers and a supporting trail is used. This arrangement, together with the principle
Introduction Dear students, dear readers, you are now holding a coursebook dealing with the problem of laboratory practical trainings in the cour
Linearsystemsofthemediumdrive The second version used for drawing the media using the peristaltic transfer of the liquid is represented by th
Linearinfusionpumps Linear infusion pumps are used for similar purpose as the infusion pumps - to administer drugs. As opposed to the infusion p
measurement accuracy. Another requirement stems from the standard ČSN EN 60601-1, which deals with electrical safety, both from the point of view of
ČSN EN 60601-1, Part 1, General requirements for essential safety and necessary functioning This is a basic standard from an entire set of techn
• SEV LITOVEL 2P • POLYMED ID 20/50 • GOSSEN METRAWATT SECULIFE-IF + ACCESSORIES • ILLKO REVEX 2051 + ACCESSORIES • LUER syringe - 20 ml, 50 ml
2) Check the integrity of the supply cable While checking, focus namely of the cable terminations, in place where the cable enters the termination
(for SEV LITOVEL 2P and POLYMED ID 20/50) To measure the apparatus’ insulation resistance, proceed in accordance with the user manual of REVEX 205
To check the bubble detector, turn the infusion bottle in such a way as to allow for a small amount of air (a bubble) to be sucked into the infusi
6. Using the patient simulator and breathing simulators in the area of ventilation technology Theoreticalintroduction Artificial lung ventilatio
application of the artificial lung ventilation, together with other risks, such as a greater infection risk, oxygen toxicity in its increased factio
national budget. And this part has been issued thanks to this support, namely by means of the authors’ fees being paid from the above mentioned proj
of the controlling panel [6.3]. The Hamilton ventilator supports the following ventilation modes: • (S)CMV – (Synchronized) Controlled Mechanical V
Spontaneous breathing ventilation mode (SPONT) This mode is designed for patients with spontaneous breathing activity and is used for its support
Throughout the MMV, the ventilator always assesses the last 8 breaths and converts their volume to the expected minute volume. This automatic regu
Spontaneous breathing may take place in the mode of continuous positive-pressure breathing or inspiratory assistance up to the positive pressure v
Measurementproceduread 1) Calculate the minute ventilation according to the relation (6.1): (6.1) and the alveolar ventilation according to the
Fig. 6.2: Controlling panel of the ventilator. The individual parameters of artificial lung ventilation are set up on the controlling panel: • Ve
Fig. 6.3: Setting up the I:E ratio. Example: Breathing frequency fCMV is 15 breaths per minute. That corresponds to the duration of the entire bre
Fig. 6.4: Setting up the inspiration delay time. • Characteristics of flow during inspirium - the user may select among seven defined flow charac
Fig. 6.5: Alarm control panel The Yes and No buttons are used for confirming the ventilator’s messages and actions. The Info button allows for d
Fig. 6.6: Patient monitor. The displayed parameters are immediate measured or calculated values. A column scale is used to display the measured
1. Principles and applications of tonometers Theoreticalintroduction Measuring the blood pressure in a non-invasive way is a common routine in d
PEEP - positive end expiratory pressure or continuous positive pressure in the airways. Information on frequency: ftotal - total breathing frequen
Rinsp - inspiratory resistance; this resistance represents the dynamic resistance of the circuit, the endotracheal tube and the airways; this parame
What does the abbreviation PEEP stand for and what is its significance during ventilation: What does the symbol Ppeak mean and what is its si
Referencestousedandrecommendedinformationsources[6.1] Wesbter, J.G. ed. Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation. Wiley. [online]
7. Principles and application of electrosurgical apparatus Theoreticalintroduction Electrosurgery means application of radiofrequency (RF/VF) cu
Thecontentsandtheaimofthemeasurements High-frequency electrosurgery provides means for fine and accurate surgical interventions on vascula
for the individual measurements, the actual set-up of the analyzer and its connection to the oscilloscope [7.6]. Fig. 7.1: Front panel of the elect
Fig. 7.2: Rear panel of the electrosurgical apparatus CLINIC 170 W [7.5]. Legend: 1 - pneumatic trigger connector - connecting the foot switch 2
After that, connect the electrosurgical apparatus in the electrical power network and switch it on via the rocker-type switch on the rear side of th
Activate the apparatus via the foot switch. Gradually read all the output performance values on the tester’s display and record them in the respec
Apparatusforbloodpressuremeasurements The basic concept of blood pressure measurements has remained the same from historical apparatus to the
function, namely with leakage currents and functional currents flowing from the high-frequency apparatus via undesirable paths through the patient o
• Digital apparatus for checking the medical electric apparatus MEDITEST 50 (ILLKO, s.r.o., Czech Rep.) • Oscilloscope and interconnecting BNC cab
Tab. 7.3: Dependence of the working current size on the setting of the output performance and the load resistance size at section in monopolar mode
Tab. 7.5: Dependence of the working current size on the setting of the output performance and the load resistance size at coagulation in monopolar
Tab. 7.7: Dependence of the leakage current size on the setting of the ESU output performance in monopolar mode. Output power [-] Cut Mixed cut Coa
Conclusion Briefly comment on each point of the measurement. Evaluate the measured results and compare them with the data stated by the manufactur
4) Describe the functional principle of the electrosurgical apparatus’ analyzer RF 303. 5) Describe the significance of measuring the so called le
8. Principles and applications of the vital functions monitors Theoreticalintroduction Monitors of the patient’s vital functions play an importa
Just like any medical device, also the patient monitors and their utilization are subject to valid legislation. STC (safety-technical check), whic
that the safety and health of the users or third persons are threatened or the usability period determined by the manufacturer or the importer has e
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